Wednesday 18 April 2018

πŸ‘‰πŸ»✋🏼✋🏼🌹SirRana


M.Phil Linguistics Part1

THE ESL ACADEMY

πŸ‘‰πŸ»πŸ‘‰πŸ»πŸŒΉ✍🏿What is Chomsky theory of universal grammar?
Noam Chomsky's Theory Of Universal Grammar Is Right; It's Hardwired Into Our Brains. In the 1960s, linguist Noam Chomsky proposed a revolutionary idea: We are all born with an innate knowledge of grammar that serves as the basis for all language acquisition. In other words, for humans, language is a basic instinct.

πŸ‘‰πŸ»πŸ‘‰πŸ»πŸ‘‰πŸ»✍🏿Universal grammar (UG) in linguistics, is the theory of the genetic component of the language faculty, usually credited to Noam Chomsky. ... With more linguistic stimuli received in the course of psychological  development, children then adopt specific syntactic rules that conform to UG.

πŸ‘‰πŸ»πŸ‘‰πŸ»πŸ‘‰πŸ»✋🏼First proposed by Noam Chomsky in the 1960s, the LAD concept is an instinctive mental capacity which enables an infant to acquire and produce language. It is a component of the nativist theory of language. This theory asserts that humans are born with the instinct or "innate facility" for acquiring language.

πŸ‘‰πŸ»πŸ‘‰πŸ»πŸ‘‰πŸ»πŸŒΉWhat is Chomsky's model of language acquisition?
The language acquisition device is a hypothetical tool in the brain that helps children quickly learn and understand language. Noam Chomsky theorized the LAD to account for the rapid speed at which children seem to learn language and its rules. LAD later evolved into Chomsky's greater theory of universal grammar.

πŸ‘‰πŸ»πŸ‘‰πŸ»πŸ‘‰πŸ»✍🏿Stages of Second Language Acquisition
Stage I: Pre-production. This is the silent period. ...
Stage II: Early production. This stage may last up to six months and students will develop a receptive and active vocabulary of about 1000 words. ...
Stage III: Speech emergence. ...
Stage IV: Intermediate fluency. ...
Stage V: Advanced Fluency.
πŸ‘‰πŸ»πŸ‘‰πŸ»πŸ‘‰πŸ»πŸŒΉUniversal grammar (UG) in linguistics, is the theory of the genetic component of the language faculty, usually credited to Noam Chomsky. The basic postulate of UG is that a certain set of structural rules are innate to humans, independent of sensory experience.




With more linguistic stimuli received in the course of psychological development, children then adopt specific syntactic rules  that conform to UG.It is sometimes known  "mental grammar", and stands contrasted with other "grammars", e.g. prescriptive, descriptive and pedagogical. The advocates of this theory emphasize and partially rely on the poverty of the stimulus  (POS) argument and the existence of some universal properties of natural human languages.


However, the latter has not been firmly established, as some linguists have argued languages are so diverse that such universality is rare It is a matter of empirical investigation to determine precisely what properties are universal and what linguistic capacities are innate.


πŸ‘‰πŸ»πŸ‘‰πŸ»πŸ‘‰πŸ»πŸŒΉChomsky argued that the human brain  contains a limited set of constraints for organizing language. This implies in turn that all languages have a common structural basis: the set of rules known as "universal grammar".

Speakers proficient in a language know which expressions are acceptable in their language and which are unacceptable. The key puzzle is how speakers come to know these restrictions of their language, since expressions that violate those restrictions are not present in the input, indicated as such. Chomsky argued that this poverty of stimulus  means that Skinner's behaviourist perspective cannot explain language acquisition. The absence of negative evidence—evidence that an expression is part of a class of ungrammatical sentences in a given language—is the core of his argument.[11] For example, in English, an interrogative pronoun like what  cannot be related to a predicate within a relative clause:

*"What did John meet a man who sold?"
Such expressions are not available to language learners: they are, by hypothesis, ungrammatical. Speakers of the local language do not use them, nor note them as unacceptable to language le

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