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THE ESL ACADEMY

03056319464

CONTACT TO ATTEND ONLINE CLASS
SAMPLE PAPER NO 1
MCQs: 100
SUBJECT: ENGLISH LITERATURE
FOR PPCS AND NTS EXAM
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(1) The subjugation of Women (1869) is an
important text of:
(a) George Eliot
(b) Byron
(c) John Mill (Correct)
(d) Hardy
.
(2) Which of the following poems by
Tennyson is a monodrama?
(a) Ulysses
(b) Break, Break, Break
(c) Maud (Correct)
(d) Crossing the Bar
.
(3) The line “she dwells with Beauty – Beauty that must be” occurs in Keats’
(a) Lamia
(b) Ode to a Grecian Urn
(c) Ode on Melancholy (Correct)
(d) Endymio
.
(4) Negative Capability to Keats, means
(a) The ability to sympathize with other
(b) Say bad thing, about others
(c) To empathize (Correct)
.
(5) “Art for arts sake” found its true
adherent in:
(a) Wordsworth
(b) Byron
(c) Browning
(d) Wilde. (Correct)
.
(6) It as the best of times, it was the worst of time, it was the worst – the opening of Dickens’
(a) Hard Times
(b) David Copperfield
(c) Oliver Twist
(d) A Tales of Two Cities (Correct)
.
(7) The character of Little Neil is a creation
of:
(a) Hardy
(b) Eliot
(c) Oscar Wilde
(d) Dickens. (Correct)
.
(8) “Idylls of the King” is illustration of
Tennyson’s deep interest in:
(a) Medieval legends
(b) The role of the king (Correct)
(c) Hero worship
(d) The contemporary condition (Correct)
.
(9) Who believed that poetry is the
spontaneous overflow of emotions?
(a) Blake
(b) Byron
(c) Wordsworth. (Correct)
(d) Keats
.
(10) Who after the publication of a poem,
awoke and found himself famous?
(a) Shelley
(b) Browning
(c) Wordsworth. (Correct)
(d) Keats
.
(11) The image of the femme fatale
dominates the poetry of:
(a) Wordsworth
(b) Keats (Correct)
(c) Byron
(d) Tennyson
.
(12) Little Time is a character in Hardy’s
(a) The return of the native
(b) Jude the Obscure (Correct)
(c) Mayor of Casterbridge
.
(13) Which is the famous elegy written by
Shelley?
(a) In Memoriam
(b) Lycidas
(c) Adonis (Correct)
(d) Thyrsis
.
(14) Moral choice is everything in the works
of:
(a) Dickens (Correct)
(b) George Eliot
(c) Hardy
.
(15) Which of the following is illustrative of
Ruskin’s interest in social economy?
(a) The Seven Lamps
(b) Unto this Last (Correct)
(c) The Stones of Venice
.
(16) Which one of the following poets
named the Romantic poet as the “pond
poets”?
(a) Southey (Correct)
(b) Shelley
(c) Keats
(d) Byron
.
(17) The Charge of the Light
Brigade” (Tennyson) commemorates:
(a) The Boer War
(b) The battle of Trafalgar
(c) The Crimean War (Correct)
.
(18) The Elgin Marbles inspired Keats to
write:
(a) Endymion
(b) Lamia
(c) The Grecian Urn (Correct)
(d) Melancholy
.
(19) Would you tell Sordelo (Browning) as
a:
(a) Dramatic Monologue
(b) Dramatic Lyrics (Correct)
(c) Tragic Drama
.
(20) Which one of the following poets was
appointed Poet Laureate in the year 1813?
(a) Tennyson
(b) Byron
(c) Southey. (Correct)
(d) Wordsworth
.
(21) Shakespeare’s Hamlet is
(a) A tragedy (Correct)
(b) Comedy
.
(22) Earnest Hamingway has written
(a) Old Man and the Sea (Correct)
(b) Mr. Chips
(c) Pride and Prejudice
.
(23) Who wrote Gulliver’s Travels?
(a) Charles Dickens
(b) Chaucer
(c) Jonathan Swift (Correct)
.
(24) Which of the following is not a
dramatist?
(a) Ben Johnson
(b) Byron (Correct)
(c) Eliot
.
(25) Which of the following is not a play by
Shakespeare?
(a) Hamlet
(b) Macbeth
(c) Dr. Faustus. (Correct)
.
(26) E. M. Foster is a
(a) Novelist. (Correct)
(b) Poet
(c) Playwright
.
(27) “The Pickwick Papers” is a novel by:
(a) Jane Austen
(b) Charles Dickens. (Correct)
(c) Thackery
.
(28) Who wrote “Jane Eyre”?
(a) Charlotte Bronte. (Correct)
(b) Emile Bronte
(c) Anne Bronte
.
(29) After whom is the Elizabethan Age
named?
(a) Elizabeth-I (Correct)
(b) Elizabeth-II
(c) Elizabeth Browning
.
(30) What is the name of Wordsworth’s long
poem?
(a) The Canterbury Tales
(b) Don Juan
(c) The Prelude. (Correct)
(31) A poem mourning someone’s death is
called:
(a) Fable
(b) Epic
(c) Elegy. (Correct)

(32) Which of the following is not a tragedy
written by Shakespeare?
(a) Macbeth
(b) Othello
(c) Merchant of Venice (Correct)
.
(33) Who wrote “The Second Coming”?
(a) E. Spencer
(b) Eliot
(c) W. B. Yeats. (Correct)
.
(34) What period in English Literature is
called the “Augustans Age”?
(a) Early 16th Century
(b) 17th Century
(c) Early 18th Century. (Correct)
.
(35) Which play among the following plays
is not blank verse?
(a) Hamlet
(b) The Jew of Malta
(c) Pygmalion. (Correct)
.
(36) Which one of the following writers is
not woman?
(a) Emily Bronte
(b) Jane Austen
(c) Robert Browning (Correct)
.
(37) Who is the villain in “Hamlet”?
(a) Horatio
(b) Iago
(c) Claudius (Correct)
.
(38) Who kills Macbeth in the play
“Macbeth”?
(a) Duncan
(b) Bonquo
(c) Macduff (Correct)
.
(39) Which is the last of Shakespeare’s
great tragedies?
(a) Macbeth
(b) King Lear (Correct)
(c) Othello
(d) Hamlet
.
(40) Who is the heroine of Shakespeare’s
play “Hamlet”?
(a) Cordella
(b) Desdemona
(c) Portia
(d) Ophelia. (Correct)
.
(41) Romanticism (if it can be pinpointed)
is usually assumed to date from:
(a) Publication of "Intimations of
Immortality"
(b) The beginning of Queen Victoria’s reign
(c) The Reform Bill of 1832
(d) Publication of "Lyrical Ballads" and its preface (Correct)
(e) 1800 – 1801
.
(42) Which of the following would a
Romantic Poet be most likely to use?
(a) A "feathered chorister"
(b) A "member of the plumy race"
(c) A "bird" (d) A "tenant of the sky"
(e) An "airy fairy" (Correct)

(43) Wordsworth’s Poetry always reflects:
(a) The creation of abstract concepts
(b) An endorsement of the scientific
tradition
(c) The creation of an original philosophy (Correct)
(d) An examination of extraneous matters
(e) His belief in a world to come.
.
(44) Byron’s Poetry is ambiguous and has a
vividness of phrasing which sometimes
reaches the point of abstraction.
(a) True. (Correct)
(b) False
.
(45) "English Bards and Scotch Reviewers"
is a satirical attack on contemporary
writers who had annoyed Byron.
(a) True. (Correct)
(b) False
.
(46) In 1850, Tennyson succeeded
Wordsworth as poet laureate.
(a) True. (Correct)
(b) False
.
(47) Mary Anne Evans is the same person
as George Eliot.
(a) True. (Correct)
(b) False
.
(48) Keats’ widespread appeal is to the
Reader’s interest in the supernatural.
(a) True
(b) False. (Correct)
.
(49) The literary figure who had the most
pronounced effect on Keats was:
(a) Dante
(b) Shakespeare
(c) Wordsworth (Correct)
(d) Shelley
.
(50) Shelly was a firm believer in all of the
following except:
(a) Personal freedom
(b) The individual’s responsibility to society
(c) The power of love
(d) Human conduct based on conviction. (Correct)
.
(51) Maggie is the central character in
George Eliot’s:
(a) Adam Bede
(b) Middle March
(c) The Mill on the Floss (Correct)
(d) Silas Morner
.
(52) Which of following Books consists of
Ruskin’s lectures:
(a) Modern painters
(b) The Stones of Venice
(c) The Crown of wild olive (Correct)
(d) None of these
.
(53) Who described poetry as “Spontaneous
overflow of powerful feelings”:
(a) Shelley
(b) Wordsworth (Correct)
(c) Coleridge
(d) Arnold
(e) None of these
.
(54) ‘Hero and Hero worship’ was written
by:
(a) Ruskin
(b) Carlyle (Correct)
(c) Mill
(d) None of these
.
(55) The French Revolution took place in:
(a) 1793
(b) 1796
(c) 1798
(d) None of these (Correct)
.
(56) ‘The Metaphysical Poets’ is a critical
essay by:
(a) Arnold
(b) T. S. Eliot (Correct)
(c) Shelley
(d) None of these
.
(57) “David Copperfield” was written by:
(a) Hardy
(b) Dickens (Correct)
(c) Thackeray
(d) None of these
.
(58) Who said this “Poetry is the Criticism
of life”:
(a) Wordsworth
(b) Byron
(c) T.S. Eliot
(d) Arnold (Correct)
.
(59) ‘The Revolt of Islam’ was written by:
(a) Wordsworth
(b) Coleridge
(c) Shelley (Correct)
(d) None of these
.
(60) ‘The Lotos Eaters’ was written by:
(a) Blake
(b) Byron
(c) Tennyson (Correct)
(d) None of these
.
(61) Shelley’s poetry used all of the
following components for themes except:
(a) Worship of God (Correct)
(b) Passion
(c) Narcissism
(d) Emotional self-indulgence
.
(62) The prose of the Romantic period had
a tendency to:
(a) Objectify the issue in terms of a cause (Correct)
(b) Advance a single system to the public
(c) Allow the writer to draw on his
(d) Be brooding and meditative. own
personality
.
(63) Charles Lamb’s "Dream Children" is
notable for its:
(a) Crushing tragedy
(b) Humor
(c) Whimsical Pathos (Correct)
(d) Cynicism
.
(64) The Victorian age can be dated by which of the following events and years:
(a) Mills’s "on liberty’ (1859) to end of
century (1900)
(b) Reform Bill (1832) to end of Boer War
(1902)
(c) Birth of Tennyson (1809) to his death
(1892)
(d) Tennyson’s Poems, Chiefly Lyrical
(1830) to death of Queen Victoria (1901) (Correct)
.
(65) Which of the following works ‘had the
greatest influence on the Victorian Age?
(a) Mill’s "On Liberty"
(b) Tennyson’s "In memoriam" (Correct)
(c) Darwin’s "Origin of Species"
(d) Carlyle’s "Sartor Resartus"
(e) Ruskin’s "The stones of Venice"
.
(66) In which of the following Genres did
Victorian Literature achieve its greatest
success:
(a) Drama
(b) Epic Poetry
(c) Lyric Poetry
(d) The Essay
(e) The Novel (Correct)
.
(67) Identify the sources of the quotations
listed below:
1. "Hail to thee blithe spirit"
2. "Spirit of beauty that dost consecrate"
3. "Paint/Must never hope to reproduce
the- faint Halfflush that dies along her
throat".
4. "Where are the songs of Spring? Ay,-
where are they? Think not of them, thou
hast thy music too
5. "Ah, happy, happy boughs! that cannot
shed your leaves, nor ever bid the
Spring adieu",
6. "Our birth is but a sleep and a
forgetting"
7. "A hand may first and then a lip be kist;
For my part, to such doings I’m a
stranger"
8. "My hair is grey, but not with years, nor
grew it white, In a single night"
(A) "May Last Duchess"
(B) "To a sky Lark"
(C) "Ode to Autumn"
(D) "Don Juan"
(E) "The Prisoner of Chillon"
(F) "Ode on a Grecian Urn"
(G) "Intimations of Immortality’ (Ode)
(H) "Hymn to Intellectual Beauty"
1-B,
2-H,
3-A,
4-C,
5-F,
6-G,
7-D,
8-E
.
(68) Who wrote "Shakespeare’s Later
Comedies’?
(a) A.C. Bradley
(b) Palmer D.J. (Correct)
(c) Dr.Johnsofl
.
(69) Which of the following is not a
dramatist?
(a) Ben Johnson
(b) Eliot (Correct)
(c) S. Backett
.
(70) Which. of the following is not a play by
Shakespeare?
(a) Tempest
(b) Pygmalion (Correct)
(c) King Lear
.
(71) Who is the author of ‘After Strange
Gods’?
(a) Shaw
(b) Robert Frost
(c) Eliot (Correct)

(72) Who is the Villain in ‘Hamlet’?
(a) Horatio
(b) Iago
(c) Claudius (Correct)
.
(73) Who is the heroine of ‘Hamlet’?
(a) Cordelia
(b) Portia
(c) Ophelia (Correct)
.
(74) After whom the Elizabethan Age is
named:
(a) Elizabeth I (Correct)
(b) Elizabeth II
(c) Elizabeth Browning
.
(75) Who wrote ‘Common Pursuit’?
(a) Leavis, F.R. (Correct)
(b) Cecil, D.
(c) E. M. Foster
.
(76) ‘ Paradise Lost is an epic by:
(a). Spenser
(b) Chaucer
(c) Milton (Correct)
.
(77) "After Apple Picking" is written by:
(a) Robert Browning
(b) Robert Frost (Correct)
.
(78) Ernest Hemingway wrote:
(a) Mr. Chips

(b) Pride and Prejudice
(c) Old Man and the Sea (Correct)
.
(79) "Intellectual Beauty" is written by:
(a) Bertrand Russell
(b) Huxley
(c) P.B. Shelley (Correct)
.
(80) Who wrote "20th Century Views"?
(a) Abrahams, M. H. (Correct)
(b) Palmer, D. J.
(c) Bertrand Russell
(81) ‘Desert Places’ is a:
(a) Poem (Correct)
(b) Play
(c) Novel
.
(82) The University Wits were:
(a) Poets
(b) Playwrights (Correct)
(c) Novelists
.
(83) William Shakespeare was Born in:
(a) 1564 (Correct)
(b) 1534
(c) 1616
.
(84) Francis Bacon died in:
(a) 1616
(b) 1626 (Correct)
(c) 1648
.
(85) The period from 1660 to 1750 is
known as:
(a) The Age of Classicism
(b) The Restoration (Correct)
(c) The age of Milton
.
(86) Who wrote "The Pilgrim’s Progress"?
(a) John Bunyan (Correct)
(b) Daniel Defoe
(c) Dryden
.
(87) ‘‘The Conduct of the Allies’ is a
famous work of:
(a) Jonathan Swift (Correct)
(b) Samuel Johnson
(c) Oliver ‘Goldsmith
.
(88) The abstract theory of utilitarianism is
the theme of Dicken’s novel:
(a) Bleak House
(b) A Tale of Two Cities
(c) Hard Times (Correct)
(d) Great Expectations
.
(89) “The one remains, the many change and
pass; Heaven’s light for ever shines, earth’s
shadows fly” These lines occur in:
(a) Keats’ Hyperion
(b) Shelley’s Hymn to Intellectual Beauty
(c) Shelley’s Adonis (Correct)
(d) Keats’ Ode to Psyche
(e) None of these
.
(90) Name the character of a novel of
Thomas Hardy, which is much like Oedipus,
King Lear
and Faust.
(a) Tess (Correct)
(b) Thomasin
(c) Eustacia
.
(91) “She can not fade, though thou hast not
the bliss, For ever wilt thou love, and she be
fair!”
The above two lines have been taken from:
(a) Keats’ Ode to a Nightingale
(b) A Thing of Beauty
(c) La Belle Dame Sans Mercy
(d) Ode on a Grecian Urn (Correct)
.
(92) ‘Withdrawal from an uncongenial world
of escape either to death or more often, to
an
ideal dream world’, is the theme of
Tennyson’s:
(a) Ulysses
(b) The Palace of Arts
(c) The Lotos – Eaters (Correct)
(d) None of these
.
(93) Philip Waken, Aunt Pallet and Tom
Tulliver are the characters of G. Eliot’s
novel:
(a) Silas Manner
(b) Adam Bede
(c) Middle March
(d) The Mill on the Floss (Correct)
.
(94) "In all things, in all natures, in the stars,
This active principle abides,"
Identify the poet and his peculiar belief that
can be understood from the above lines.
Answer: William Wordsworth as he was
of the opinion that in this universe
‘nature’ is the
point of focus for everything.
.
(95) “Thy, Damnation, Slunbreth, Not”
Name the writer, his book and the
character who uttered/wrote these words.
Writer – Thomas Hardy
Book – Tess of the D'Urbervilles
Character – a young man who is
traveling the countryside painting
scripture on the sides of
barns walks
.
(96) In Memoriam by Tennyson is:
(a) an elegy (Correct)
(b) a collection of elegies
(c) a lyric
(d) a dramatic lyric
(e) None of these
.
(97) The poem, “The Marriage of Heaven
and Hell” was written by:
(a) Shelley
(b) Blake (Correct)
(c) Byron
(d) Browning
(e) None of these
.
(98) ‘Unto This Last’ is a book written by:
(a) Mill on economic reforms
(b) Carlyle on moral reforms
(c) Ruskin on moral reforms (Correct)
(d) None of these
.
(99) Mathew Arnold said: “An ineffectual
angel beating in the void his luminous
wings in
vain”, about:
(a) Keats
(b) Byron
(c) Shelley (Correct)
(d) Blake
(e) None of these
.
(100) For whom it is said: “sensuousness is
a paramount bias of his genius”:
(a) Blake
(b) Keats (Correct)
(c) Tennyson
(d) Shelley

(e) None of these

WAITING FOR GADOT

By: Samuel Beckett:

A Tragedy

There are occasional silver linings of comicality and laughter, but they serve to thicken and deepen the clouds of life. We are faced with the ultimate truth that we are doomed to solitude, alienated from the universe. The characters remind us of robots and automata, who have no passion, conflict or emotion. They have no freedom of will, freedom of action, or freedom of movement. Waiting for Godot is a grand world of despair, where man is reduced to the reactions of a puppet, where the world is left behind. Waiting for Godot bars from the stage all forms of mobility and natural communication between characters, and, therefore, the result is crippled and monotonous.

The atmosphere in the play is tragic, and yet Waiting for Godot is not a tragedy in the conventional sense. Aristotle insists that a tragedy should have certain characteristics, namely plot; character, a complete action, an ideal tragic hero, and Catharsis. The ancient Greek tragedies are religious in impulsion, rhetorical in style, serene in action, and ironical in the plot. Judged from the Aristotelian as well as the Greek point of view, Waiting for Godot does not seem to be a tragedy. For in it there is no plot; the action, if any, is incomplete; there is no artistic embellishment in the language of the play; there is no tragic hero, who compels our admiration; there is no Catharsis either. In the tragedies of the twentieth century the heroes, the anti-heroes, are victims of circumstances rather than the architects of their own destiny. The social, political, and economic values have replaced the gods of ancient Greek tragedy.

Though the ancient criteria of tragedy are not found in Waiting for Godot, it is a tragedy. The heroes of the play, Vladimir and Estragon, have been together for fifty years. They were once on the top of the Eiffel tower, which is the symbol of happiness and prosperity. But they are two ill-clad tramps with no roof over their heads, hunger gnawing them at their entrails. They evoke pity and fear. They are shrouded in mystery, and yet the readers and the audience do not experience any Catharsis, which is not mere tragic relief but emotional equilibrium. We leave the auditorium in a state of despair. The two tramps wait, knowing full well that it is an exercise in futility.

There is hardly any action in the play. Throughout the play the two tramps wait in a state of helplessness and nurse no hope. They pass the time in the idle gossip, singing songs, playing eristic bouts, indulging in cross talks, doing physical exercises and playing the parts of Pozzo and Lucky. They have none of the heroic endurance or stoical fortitude of Prometheus, Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello and King Lear. "Nothing is to be done"- that is the keynote of the play. They have no urge for action, no lust for life. Out of sheer boredom they are ready to commit suicide. But that decision also falls through only because the branch of the tree they like to hang themselves from is too weak, nor is there a cord to hang themselves with.

They are Waiting for Godot, for Godot's arrival alone can terminate their helplessness, despair and inaction. But Godot does not come in spite of his unwritten message that he will. The boy brings a message, but that does not raise any hope. He presents an image of Godot - an image that is not cheering or heartening. For Godot, before coming, will have to "consult his family", "his friends", "his agents", "his bank account", "his correspondents", and even "his books".

Vladimir and Estragon are the representatives of the suffering humanity, travailing in a hostile universe. Pozzo and Lucky present similar picture of despair and helplessness. They deepen and heighten the tragedy of a man and suggest that helplessness is not the destiny of the two tramps alone, but of all beings. Lucky is treated by his master as an animal. Once graceful and beautiful, he has now fallen upon evil days. He has lost all human dignity. He is taken to the fair for sale, his neck tied with a string. Pozzo is so heartless that on seeing Lucky weeping bitterly, he simply says: "Old dogs have more dignity." The master is power-mad, and as if by an act of Nemesis, he becomes blind. The word 'blind' may be taken figuratively also. He is blind, for he has not the patience to appreciate the other man's point of view. But as he becomes blind, he is as helpless as the rest. Lucky becomes dumb, and is yet made to think on behalf of his master.

The tragic refrain of the two tramps is: "Nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes; it's awful." Vladimir says: 'There's nothing we can do " And Estragon says: "All my lousy life I've crawled about in the mud! And you talk to me about scenery! You and your landscapes! Tell me about the worms!"

Pozzo, a little humanized by his blindness, says: "One day trim any other day, one day he went dumb, one day I went blued, one day we'll go deaf, one day we were born, one day shall die, the same day, the same second, is that not enough for you ? They gave birth astride of a grave, the light gleams and instant, then it's night once more."

Waiting for Godot is a tragedy of the modern man. The hero is not one person, but the entire humanity, suffering and groaning with no hope of redress. And yet the play has its Catharsis. The greater the anxieties and the temptation to indulge in illusions, the more beneficial is this therapeutic effec

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Theme of Jealousy in Othello

Throughout Shakespeare’s Othello, jealousy is apparent. The tragedy Othello focuses on the doom of Othello and the other major characters as a result of jealousy. In Shakespeare’s Othello, jealousy is mainly portrayed through the two major characters: Iago and Othello. It utterly corrupts their lives because it causes Iago to show his true self, which in turn triggers Othello to undergo an absolute conversion that destroys the lives of their friends.

Othello represents how jealousy, particularly sexual jealousy, is one of the most corrupting and destructive of emotions. It is jealousy that prompts Iago to plot Othello's downfall; jealousy, too, is the tool that Iago uses to arouse Othello's passions. Roderigo and Bianca demonstrate jealousy at various times in the play, and Emilia demonstrates that she too knows the emotion well. Only Desdemona and Cassio, the true innocents of the story, seem beyond its clutches. Shakespeare used the theme in other plays, but nowhere else is it portrayed as quite the "green- eyed" monster it is in this play. Since it is an emotion that everyone shares, we watch its destructive influence on the characters with sympathy and horror.

How jealousy works in Othello

Shakespeare’s Othello is very close to the Aristotle’s conception of tragedy,specially in respect ofthe portrayal of the protagonist Othello. Like a classical tragic Othello in the tragedy Othello falls from his position due to his his ’tragic flaw’ jealousy.Jealousy is the main tragic flaw that brings about Othello’s misfortune,suffering, and death.Though this flaw is fuelled by the external force like the withces in Macbeth,but jealousy seems to have a deep root in Othello’s character.

Jealousy is the main factor that appears to destroy Othello. Iago is the initiator of the chain of events that sparks jealousy in Othello, and eventually leads to the downfall of not only the main character, but also of most of the significant characters in the book.

In Othello Shakespeare presents us with the tragic spectacle of a man who,in spirit of jealous rage ,destroys what he loves best in all the world.We will be able to best realize the tragic effect jealousy if we consider first the nature of the relation between Othello and Desdemona.The marriage between Othello and Desdemona is a real ’marriage of true minds’, a true love based on a mutual awareness and a true appreciation of each other’s worth,a love that has in it none of the element of sensual lust.The love of Othello and Desdemona transcends the physical barriers of color,nationality and age.But this love is destroyed as soon as jealousness enters into the mind of Othello.

It is Iago who plants the seeds of suspicion and jealousy in Othello’s mind.In Act III: Scene 3,Cassio speaks to Desdemona, asking her to intercede with Othello on his behalf. Desdemona willingly agrees, knowing that Cassio is an old friend of Othello's. She promises to speak of him with her husband repeatedly until the quarrel is patched up and Cassio is recalled.

In the meantime, Othello and Iago enter and Cassio, who is embarrassed because of his antics the previous night, embraces Desdemona and departs. Iago seizes the opportunity to make an undermining comment — "Ha, I like not that" — that rankles in Othello's mind. Iago further insinuates that Cassio was not just leaving, but that he was "steal[ing] away so guilty-like" (39). Iago's words here are filled with forceful innuendo, and as he pretends to be a man who cannot believe what he sees, he introduces jealousy into Othello's subconscious.

Desdemona greets her husband and, without guilt, introduces Cassio's name into their conversation. Here, fate plays a major role in this tragedy; not even Iago wholly arranged this swift, coincidental confrontation of Othello, Desdemona, and Cassio, and certainly the pathos of Desdemona's position here is largely due to no other factor than fate. Desdemona speaks of Cassio, and Othello, to please her, agrees to see him, but he is distracted by his private thoughts.
As Desdemona leaves, Othello chides himself for being irritated by his wife. Lovingly he sighs, "Excellent wretch! Perdition catch my soul, / But I do love thee! and when I love thee not, / Chaos is come again" (90–92).

A conversation follows between Othello and Iago, in which Iago continues to imply that he knows something that he refuses to divulge, Othello denies that he would give himself over to jealousy. In his denial, he shows himself most vulnerable. He is consumed with doubt and suspicion. Othello voices his old fears that Brabantio was right, that it was unnatural for Desdemona to love him, that he was too horrible to be loved, and that it could not last. Iago leaves, and Othello contemplates his situation: He could be tricked, married to a woman who is already looking at other men, and he fears that he must wipe her out of his heart. He tries to tell himself that it is not true.

Iago also urges Othello to recall that Desdemona deceived her own father by marrying Othello. To Brabantio, Desdemona pretended to be afraid of Othello's dark looks; she pretended to shake and tremble at Othello's exotic demeanor, yet "she lov'd them [Othello's features] most" (207). The implication is clear; Iago does not have to state it: If Desdemona deceived her own flesh and blood, she might just as naturally deceive her husband.

When Desdemona re-enters, Othello's aspect is changed; he watches her intently, looking for signs, and brushes away her handkerchief when she seeks to sooth him. They go in to dinner, and Emilia picks up the fallen handkerchief, one that her husband, Iago, often urged her to steal from Desdemona. Emilia decides to have a copy made to give to Iago, but he enters, sees the handkerchief, and snatches it from her.

When Othello enters, Iago sees that Othello cannot regain his peace of mind. His speech is fevered, sweeping and frantic; he believes that his wife has been unfaithful to him. Othello then turns on Iago with savage intensity and demands to see the proof of Desdemona's infidelity. Cornered, Iago produces the dream story: Cassio spoke in his sleep, embraced him, called him Desdemona, and cursed the Moor. Iago tells Othello that he has seen Cassio wipe his brow with a handkerchief embroidered with strawberries; Othello recognizes this handkerchief as the one he gave to Desdemona.

Othello dismisses love and calls for vengeance. Certainty has freed his mind from doubt and confusion. Now he swears action, and Iago swears to help him. Othello wants Cassio dead, Iago agrees to do it, and then Othello wonders how to kill Desdemona.

The fire of jealousy is further inflamed in Othello in Act III: Scene 4.When Othello enters, he claims a headache and asks her for a handkerchief to bind his head, but he will have only the embroidered strawberry handkerchief. Desdemona cannot produce the handkerchief and tries to deflect his questions about the handkerchief, speaking again of Cassio. Othello walks out in fury.

But Othello is totally engulfed by his jealousy in Act IV: Scene 1,in which he Sees his wife's handkerchief in the hands of Cassio's mistress Bianca.It is, for Othello, the "ocular proof" he sought. He is now convinced of Desdemona's infidelity and knows he must kill both Cassio and Desdemona that very night. This is the second time Othello has sworn to kill both Cassio and Desdemona.

Othello goes directly to the point: "How shall I murder him, Iago?" Othello swears also to kill his wife this night, he curses her and weeps over her at the same time, mingling love and murder: "for she shall not live; no, my heart is turned to stone . . . " (178–179).

Still Othello knows the pull of love and asks for poison so that he might kill her at a distance, but he sees justice in Iago's idea of strangling her in her bed, imagining that she has dishonored that bed. Again the agreement is made: Iago is to kill Cassio, and Othello is to kill Desdemona.

Thus we see how the passion of jealousy ,which derives from pride and breeds anger ,gradually gains control over Othello and destroys his initial nobility,so that he finally turns into the black beast that he was at first unjustly accused of being.The decline in the moral and spiritual stature of Othello goes hand in hand with the destruction of his love for and faith in Desdemona.

Iago, “most honest” in the eyes of his companions, is, in fact, truly the opposite. His feelings of jealousy uncovers his actual self.

Jealousy divorces Iago from rationality and this loss of rational causes Iago to make a life of jealousy and plots to destroy Othello. Although Iago has a reputation of being “full of love and honesty” ,he is responsible for destroying many lives and is considered “perhaps one of the most villainous characters in all literature” .Iago alludes to Othello that his wife, Desdemona, has been unfaithful with Cassio. Iago initially intends to hurt Othello and make him regret appointing Cassio as his lieutenant; however, he ends up hurting others in the process. Iago’s jealousy causes his true character, one of “vicious[ness]” , to become noticeable. This, in turn, creates a new Othello to emerge, one “utterly possessed, calling out for blood and vengeance” .

The theme of jealousy is prominent throughout the play as it motivates the characters’ actions. The major characters of Iago and Othello clearly possess this jealousy and show how it affects them. Iago is forced to expose his actual nature and Othello undergoes a total transformation from a normal human to a spiteful monster. Obviously, jealousy does cause people to change in horrific ways.

The dramatic irony is that the most jealous indignation is expressed over offenses that did not happen: Othello jealous about his wife; Bianca jealous about Cassio; Iago formerly jealous about Emilia. Each character attempts to cope as an individual, except Emilia, who has a theory that jealousy is a constituent part of masculinity. The evidence before her own eyes backs up her assessment.

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#TYPES_OF_NOVELS

✍Adventure novel

A novel where exciting events are more important than character development and sometimes theme. Adventure novels are sometimes described as "fiction" rather than "literature" in order to distinguish books designed for mere entertainment rather than thematic importance. Examples:
Alexandre Dumas-The Three Musketeers, Alexandre Dumas-The Count of Monte Cristo.,

✍Autobiographical novel

A novel based on the author's life experience. More common that a thoroughly autobiographical novel is the incluision of autobiographical elements among other elements.
Joyce- Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man,Thomas Wolfe.,

✍Detective novel

A novel focusing on the solving of a crime, often by a brilliant detective, and usually employing the elements of mystery and suspense.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle-The Hound of the Baskervilles,Agatha Christie- Murder on the Orient Express.,

✍Dystopian novel

An anti-utopian novel where, instead of a paradise, everything has gone wrong in the attempt to create a perfect society.
George Orwell- Nineteen Eighty-Four,Aldous Huxley-Brave New World.,

✍Epistolary novel

A novel consisting of letters written by a character or several characters. The form allows for the use of multiple points of view toward the story and the ability to dispense with an omniscient narrator.
Samuel Richardson- Pamela,C. S. Lewis-The Screwtape Letters.,

✍Gothic novel

A novel in which supernatural horrors and an atmosphere of unknown terror pervades the action. The setting is often a dark, mysterious castle, where ghosts and sinister humans roam menacingly.
Horace Walpole-The Castle of Otranto,Mary Shelley-Frankenstein.,

✍Historical novel

A novel where fictional characters take part in actual historical events and interact with real people from the past.
Sir Walter Scott- Ivanhoe, Waverly and James Fenimore Cooper- Last of the Mohicans.,

✍Picaresque novel

An episodic, often autobiographical novel about a rogue or picaro (a person of low social status) wandering around and living off his wits. The wandering hero provides the author with the opportunity to connect widely different pieces of plot, since the hero can wander into any situation.
Daniel Defoe- Moll Flanders,Miguel de Cervantes- Don Quixote

✍Science fiction novel

A novel in which futuristic technology or otherwise altered scientific principles contribute in a significant way to the adventures. Often the novel assumes a set of rules or principles or facts and then traces their logical consequences in some form.
H. G. Wells-The Invisible Man, Aldous Huxley-Brave New World.

✍Sentimental novel

A type of novel, popular in the eighteenth century, that overemphasizes emotion and seeks to create emotional responses in the reader. The type also usually features an overly optimistic view of the goodness of human nature.
Oliver Goldsmith-The Vicar of Wakefield, Henry Mackenzie-The Man of Feeling

✍Sequel

A novel incorporating the same characters and often the same setting as a previous novel. Sometimes the events and situations involve a continuation of the previous novel and sometimes only the characters are the same and the events are entirely unrelated to the previous novel.
Mark Twain- Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Margaret Mitchell-Gone With the Wind.,

✍Utopian novel

A novel that presents an ideal society where the problems of poverty, greed, crime, and so forth have been eliminated.
Thomas More-Utopia, Samuel Butler-Erewhon.

Geoffrey Chaucer: A Representative of His Age

'Chaucer symbolizes, as no other writer does, the Middle Ages. He stands in much the same relation to the life of his time as Pope does to the earlier phases to the Eighteenth century; and Tennyson to the Victorian era; and his place in English literature is even more important than theirs...'

The social groups of thirty pilgrims cover the entire range of fourteenth century English society, leaving only royalty on one hand, and the lowest on the other.

Medieval Chivalry

Chaucer's knight is a true representative of the spirit of the medieval chivalry which was a blend of love, religion, and bravery. He has been a champion of not fewer than fifteen battles in the defense of Christianity. Being the embodiment of chivalric ideals, Chaucer's knight observes utmost courtesy. He was not only worthy in politeness but also wise in decisiveness.

We must, however, point out that the spirit of true chivalry was breathing its last in the age of Chaucer. The Knight, in fact, is a representative of an order which was losing its ground. The true representative of the new order is his young son. The Squire, who has as much a taste for revelry as for chivalry. He is a lover and a lusty bachelor.

So hoote he lovede that by nyghtertale
He slept namoore than dooth a nyghtyngale

Trade, Commerce And Art

The Merchant is a typical representative of his class. The countrymen and merchants have always made the two most common objects of humour and satire. But Chaucer lets the Merchant go without much of satire, perhaps in recognition of the importance that his class had gained in his age.

Medicine

The knowledge of Astronomy rather Astrology was a must for a physician as all the physical ailments were supposed to be the consequences of the peculiar configuration of the stars and planets. That is why the Doctor of Physic, too, was grounded in Astronomy. Chaucer has a sly dig at the Doctor in his reference to his gold-loving nature.

The Church

The Church had become a hotbed of profligacy, corruption and rank materialism. The Monk is a fat, sprouting fellow averse to study and penance. The Friar is a jolly beggar who employs his tongue to carve out his living. The Prioress bothers more about modish etiquettes than austerity. The Pardoner is a despicable parasite in trading in letters of pardon with the sinners who could ensure a seat in heaven by paying hard cash. The summoner is likewise a depraved fellow.

The only exception is the poor Parson apparently a follower of Wycliffe who revolted against the corruption of the Church.

The New Learning

The Clerk of Oxford represents the new intellectual culture. He is an austere scholar who prefers twenty books of Aristotle's philosophy to gay clothes and musical instruments. And

Of studie took he moost cure and moost heede
Noght a word spak he moore than was neede

Thus, The Prologue is a comprehensive representation of the fourteenth century society which consisted of three main classes-that of the knights representing medieval chivalry, that of the clergy representing the Church, and that of the workers. These three classes constituted the main social structure and we can reconstruct the life of the fourteenth century through it

How to Prepare for an Interview ?

The most important portion of the interview comes next. In interview panel including Member FPSC / PPSC / KPSC / BPSC etc, who is presiding over the interview, there are three to four members in total. One of the members is the person from that department for which the job you have applied for. To win the job one needs specially to answer the questions of that person satisfactorily. For that, it is very necessary that one knows about the department and about the nature of the job. One if is cognisant of the challenges faced by that department and reforms which one feels need to be incorporated, and presents all this in a lucid and precise manner, one can brighten one's prospect of getting selected. For example I appeared in an interview for the job of Labour officer in PPSC. I should have known what labor officer is what he has to do and what is labour department. What are labour laws and what is I. L. O. But I didn't prepare these. This blunder proved fatal for me. In one of my PPSC interview for Information Officer BS 17 (Planning and Development Department Punjab), when the member asked about the department and I was blank, he remarked that Gentleman is this your level of seriousness that you have come here for the interview of a 17 grade job and you have not bothered to collect even the basic information about the department. I was not selected. But I learned a good lesson. While at the time of my Interview of Assistant Director Anti Corruption, I answered the questions on this area properly and I now have been selected as Assistant Director Anti-Corruption. I have keenly observed that If one performs satisfactory in this part, there are abundant chances that one may get enviable marks in Interview. Importantly, this also speaks volume for your keen interest in the job you are seeking and this leads to a favorable result for you.

5- Opinion on National and International Current Issues
Now they may also ask about current affairs or contemporary national or international issues. One is not expected to have a detailed knowledge of these. However, one should be abreast of the basic info regarding these matters. Beware; when they are seeking your opinion about an issue or matter, it better should be genuinely your personal opinion. One more thing is very important that you must not skip such questions and you should necessarily give your thoughts. However, if the question is regarding checking your knowledge or information you may skip by saying sorry in a polite and decent fashion you do not know.

6- Quiz Type General Knowledge Questions
Sixthly, they may ask Quiz type questions about Pakistan Studies and Islamic Studies. Like who were the members of Boundary Commission. When constitution was first abrogated. Who is the First Mujaddad. On your answering they may ask your opinion also. For instance, was the demarcation of Boundary Commission based on facts ? I would again say that always respond compulsorily to the opinion based questions while you may say sorry on quiz type questions.
Usually here the interview ends.

Note: Let me make it clear that these are the broader areas which are mostly discussed in the interviews. However, the order of asking questions on these broader areas may be changed. Secondly, it is not necessary that they would follow this scheme always. However, for appropriate preparation of the interview, one must prepare these areas necessarily on priority basis.

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Robert Frost as a Modern Poet

In spite of the Pastoral element predominant in Frost’s poems, he is still a modern poet because his poetry has been endowed with the awareness of the problems of man living in the modern world dominated by Science and Technology. However, he was a contemporary and friend to such modernist greats as Ezra Pound and Wallace Stevens. But as a modern poet Frost is different from other modern poets.

While modernist poetry is sometimes associated with an elitist culture that takes poetry away from the general public through experimental forms and esoteric references, Frost’s is a mordern poet in his rural, working-class persona, his traditional, metered voice and use of colloquial phrases, as well as the mundane subjects of most of his poems.

The major modern themes

The modern elements of his poetry are those of capitalism, the self-centeredness of the modern man, the bored existence, isolation, dilemma, and symbolism.

Two major poems

The poems that seemed to me most striking modern in nature are The Death of the Hired Man and Home Burial. The two poems are similar in nature that in both of them there is a conflict between the husband and the wife. Here the husbands represent a view of life which is very antithetical to wives’.

In the former poem there are three characters: Warren, Mary and Silas. Warren, the domineering husband represent the capitalism ,Mary, the cowed wife is a foil to her husband and Silas represent the lot of the millions of the workers who are the victims of the modern capitalistic society .Like Silas there are millions of the workers around the globe who toil and toil ,but remain unrewarded and die an unlamented death.

Thus the central figure of the poem is Silas, whose death the poem records. The character of Silas is very pathetic and sympathy arousing. Silas in his old age, helpless and useless, is a pathetic decrepit figure alienated from the world, with no shelter over his head and with no home to go to. His self respect makes him feel ‘ashamed to please his brother’ and as a result he is also isolated from his rich banker brother.

It is true that Warren has some accusations against Silas that he left the farm during the busy days. But in this case Warren also can’t fully understand Silas’s character. Why did he leave? He left for ht higher wages. It shows that Silas was very poorly paid for his labor. So, Warren does not find any fault in his own capitalistic manner by which he tried to buy the labor of Silas in return of the little wages. In this way he represents the capitalist society of the modern world.

The poem Home Burial is also based on a modern theme namely the self-centeredness. Here the over-wrought wife is a foil to the practical husband. They hold two diametrically opposite views of life. The wife ,under the burden of the grief over the death of her first new-born ,can’t forget that her husband himself dug the grave of their own child in their little grave-yard and himself buried him there. But to the husband, it seems a normal act that he should have dug the grave of his own son. He has come to accept the death of his son as an accident whose grief can be submerged beneath the everyday existence of life.

In order to make his wife accept the accident the husband gives some arguments. He says-

No, from the time when one is sick to death
One is alone and he dies more alone.
Friends make pretence of following to the grave
But before one is in it, their mind is turned.

Thus the husband speaks out the selfish nature of the modern men who even betray with the dead. All human sympathy is gone and it has been replaced by selfishness. In this way the poem is a modern domestic epic, which exposes some modern crises to our eyes.

Mending Wall

The poem Mending Wall is also very modern in its approach. The poem is based on the modern theme of isolation. Modern men built boundaries and made themselves isolated from each other. Frost’s metaphysical treatment of this physical and psychological isolation is also an evidence of his modernity. In “Mending Walls”, Frost juxtaposes the two opposite aspects of the theme of the poem and then leaves it to the reader to draw his own conclusion. The conservative farmer says:

Good fences make good neighbor
and the modern radical farmer says:
Something there is that doesn’t love a wall,

But the question remains unsolved. And it is up to the readers if they will keep the wall or pull down it.

Modern approach to Nature

It is true that Frost’s poetry abounds in pastures and plains, mountains and rivers, woods and gardens, groves and bowers, fruits and flowers, and seeds and birds. But his approach to nature and this natural phenomenon are different from the Romantics and is very realistic and modern in nature. His retreat to the country side is not the romantic escape from the harsh, unpleasant realities of modern life. The rural world, the world of nature into which he withdraws, is not a world of dreams ,a pleasant fanciful Arcadia ,but harsher and more demanding than the urban world.

Unlike Romantics he has taken notice of both the bright and dark aspects of nature as we see in his poem “Two Tramps in Mud Time”. Beneath the apparently beautiful calm there is lurking turmoil and storms:

Be glad of water, but don’t forget
The lurking frost in the earth beneath

In fact the world of nature in Frost’s poetry is not a world of dream. It is much more harsh, horrible and hostile than the modern urban world. Hence his experience of the pastoral technique to comment on the human issue of modern world his realistic treatment of Nature, his employment of symbolic and metaphysical techniques and the projection of the awareness of human problems of the modern society in his poetry justly entitle him to be looked up to as modern poet.

Problems of Modern life

In fact, Frost’s poetry portrays the disintegration of values in modern life and the disillusionment of the modern man in symbolical and metaphysical terms as much as the poetry of great, modern poets does, because most of his poems deal with persons suffering from loneliness and frustration, regrets and disillusionment which are known as modern disease. In “An old Man’s Winter Night”, the old man is lonely, completely alienated from the society, likeness, the tiredness of the farmer due to over work in “Apple-Picking” and as a result of it his yielding to sleep:

For I have too much
Of apple-picking: I am overtired
Of great harvest I myself desired.

The Poem The Road Not Taken also deals with the dilemma of the modern mind. The poem depicts the confusion which prevails in modern life. The modern man does not know which way to go and it is difficult for him to make a choice. He is confused and his life does not have a clear purpose. The speaker in the poem represents the modern man, who habitually wastes energy in regretting any choice made, but belatedly and wishfully sighs over the attractive alternative which he rejected:

I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.

Symbolism

The symbolic technique followed by Frost is also very modern in nature. The poems that are rich in symbolic meaning are Mending Wall, The Road Not Taken, Stopping by Woods by Snowy Evening, Birches etc.

Mending Wall is a symbolic poem in which he describes an anecdote typical of the conservative approach of the rural people in New England, but it has the universal symbolic implication.

The poem Stopping By woods on a Snowy Evening is also full of symbols. The poem symbolically expresses the conflict which everyone feels between the demands of the practical life and a desire to escape into the land of reverie. The closing stanza of the poem is especially symbolic.
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.

“The Road Not Taken” symbolizes the universal problem of making a choice of invisible barriers built up in the minds of the people which alienate them from one another mentally and emotionally thought they live together or as neighbors in the society. Similarly the Birch trees in “Birches” symbolize man’s desire to seek escape from the harsh suffering man to undergo in this world.

Critics have a difference of opinion over considering him a modern poet. Frost is a pastoral poet – poet of pastures and plains, mountains and rivers, woods and gardens, groves and bowers, fruits and flowers, and seeds and birds. They do not treat such characteristically modern subjects as ‘the boredom implicit in sensuality’, ‘the consciousness of neuroses’ and ‘the feeling of damnation’.

But the recent critical conversations have resuscitated a little noted argument from the late seventies in favor of viewing Frost as modernist.

While Frost does not place the whole course of Western history into doubt or experiment with innovative formal structure and with the position of the reader – characteristics of the work of other modernist poets -- he does tend toward a critique of the increasing alienation of modern life, as well as foster a sense of the visual that is so important to some groups of modernists like the imagists (who favorably reviewed Frost’s work).

According to J.F.Lynen the use of the pastoral technique by Frost in his poems, does not mean that the poet seeks an escape from the harsh realities of modern life. He argues that it provides him with a point of view.
Frost uses pastoral technique only to evaluate and comment on the modern lifestyle. His pastoralism thus registers a protest against the disintegration of values in the modern society and here he is one with great poets of the modern age like T.S.Eliot, Yeats and Hopkins.

#Linguistics_vs_Literature

👉The key difference between linguistics and literature is that linguistics refers to the systematic study of a language whereas literature can be defined as the study of written works within a language.

👉This clearly highlights that the main difference between these two fields of study are grounded on structure and content though both have the commonality of language as a basis for their works.

👉This article will attempt to define these two terms, linguistics and literature, while providing an understanding of the differences that exist within the two fields.

⭕What is Linguistics?

👉The human languages which enable us to communicate with one another have very systematic structures.

👉Linguistics is a field that studies these structural aspects of a language.

👉Hence, it can be defined as the systematic and scientific study of a language.

👉It encompasses the study of language in relation to its nature, organization, origin, contextual impact, cognitive and dialectical formation.

👉Linguists are concerned with the nature of languages, their systematic component, the commonalities and differences that exist among human languages and the cognitive processes that come into play.

👉The field of linguistics is made up of a number of parts that create the totality of linguistics.

👉They are:
🔴Phonetics (the study of the physical nature of speech sounds)
🔴Phonology (the study of the cognitive nature of speech sounds)
🔴Morphology (the study of word formation)
🔴Syntax (the study of sentence formation)
🔴Semantics (the study of meaning)
🔴Pragmatics (the study of the usage of language).

👉Other than these there are other disciplines that are connected to linguistics such as
🔴Psycholinguistics.
🔴Sociolinguistics.
🔴Dialectology.
🔴Ethno-linguistics, etc.

⭕What is literature?

👉Literature includes written works that belong to many genres ranging from poetry and dramas to novels. Literature is a work of art.

👉It is a creation of a world that allows the reader to not only dive into an alien world, but also allows the reader to reflect on various issues.

👉It is not merely a recital of the ordinary speech but contains artistic value.

👉There are different forms of literature mainly prose and poetry.

👉Prose includes dramas, novels and short stories whereas poetry refers to a more melodious and rhythmic work of art.

👉Unlike in linguistics, literature is devoid of rigidity in the structure and its relationships.

👉It is not limited to a certain sphere and has a vast canvas.

👉If we look at the English literature, the literary works are divided into different eras also known as literary periods in English literature for the purpose of studying, such as:
🔴The renaissance.
🔴The romantic period.
🔴The Victorian period so on and so forth.

👉For each period there are contemporary writers, poets and playwrights that were prominent figures of the time in terms of their literary work.

🔴For example,
👉in the Victorian period:
🔴Alfred Lord Tennyson.
🔴The Bronte sisters.
🔴Robert Browning
and
🔴Thomas Hardy were prominent figures who gained popularity either among the societies at the time or else later in for the significance of their contribution to literature.

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